Wars of Religion
Chapters 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
Chapter 16: A Century of Crisis, 1560-1648

FRQ practice assignment:

• due Nov 2
• You have been assigned a task that is the notes/info you need to answer one of the FRQs listed below. This assignment will help you prepare for the test on Nov 5.
• take notes at home in a word doc, when you are done, paste your notes into the box.
• 
  

	From the FRQ	your task	your task		your name
	FRQ #1	notes on the political causes of this war	notes on the religious cause of this war
	Dutch Revolt	-Took place in 1566-1648 -It was the successful revolt of the Seventeen Provinces from Spain and Phillip II. -The stadholder ( mayor) of the Netherlands was William of Orange. -He tried to lead them during the revolt. - He was otherwise known as William the Silent -7 of the seventeen provinces, the northern ones, decided to leave Spain and their rule. -They called themselves the Union of Utrecht, which eventually became : Dutch or United Provinces of the Netherlands. -In 1579 they declared their independence. -The other 10 provinces became the Spanish-Netherlands. -Elizabeth I supports the Netherlands in secret.	-It was the successful revolt of the Seventeen Provinces from Spain and Phillip II. -Phillip II wanted to control their religious freedom. -The Low counties were divided between Protestants and Catholics. -The Duke of Alba tried set up the council of Trouble, which was a massacre of any nobles on helping the revolt. -It was also known as the council of Blood. -However, they united when Phillip II tried to control them and attacked Spain instead. -The other 10 provinces became the Spanish-Netherlands. -They were Calvinists.		1. Talia
	French Wars of Religion	King Henry II was accidently killed, so his 10 year old son became king with Catherine De Medici, his mother, as his regent Catherine was a Catholic and wanted to maintain a Catholic throne under her son, so she arranged the wedding of Catholic, Marguerite de Valois, and Huguenot, Henry of Navarre 4 days later, assassins failed to murder a Huguenot noble, and because Catherine panicked about the Huguenot’s revenge, she ordered her son to demand the killing of the Huguenot leaders	In 1555, the Genevan Company of Pastors secretly began doing missionary work, quickly moving through towns and gathering the secrets of the towns near Paris or in the South They set up national organizations for the French Calvinist church At least one-third of the nobles in France joined the Huguenots and followed the lead of the Bourbon family The Catholic nobles took sides with Guise family, whose goal was to defeat the Bourbon family On St. Bartholomew’s Day, a bloody battle broke out between the Catholics and Protestants Each side wanted to defeat the other side because they believed the other was “less than human” and a cause of “moral pollution” This massacre settled nothing, it just created a larger international conflict		2.Danielle D.
	English Civil War	Constant conflicts between English King Charles I and Parliament Charles I constantly fought with Parliament until he finally forbid them from meeting. For eleven years, the period known as the Eleven Year Tyranny, the Parliament could not meet. Instead, Charles created the Court of Star Chamber, which would heavily fine people in order to support the king. He also instated a tax to support the navy Eventually, Charles angered the Scots and when they invaded, Charles did not have the funds to fight the war He was short with funds, so he recalled Parliament only because they had the financial ability to support the king In exchange for money, the Parliament commanded the king and Charles had to do what they wished or else he would not have any funds. Charles was a firm believer that kings have the divine power and therefore he plotted to arrest members of Parliament. This constant conflict between Charles and Parliament led to the English Civil War	The Parliament was mostly Puritan while Charles believed more in Catholicism Charles had a Catholic wife, and he also wanted his son marry a Catholic Spaniard Because of Charles’s predilection for Catholics, he was in favor in archbishop Laud’s reforms, which stated that the church should be more decorated—like the Catholic Church. The Puritans wanted nothing to do with Catholicism and wanted the English Church cleansed of and Roman influences as well as the influences of the bishops. While the political battle between Charles and the Parliament was a more dominate cause of the war, this religious argument of Puritan versus Catholicism certainly was the last straw for the Parliament to fight back		3. Jessica
	Thirty Years' War	After being a religious conflict, the Thirty Years’ War furthermore developed into a political conflict in 1625 to 1648, in Germany. It began a public feu with the nobles against the central government, the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire. The 2 sides had very different ideas. The nobles wanted to keep their local control over the 300 states, yet the Emperor desired centralized power, similar to other countries. This clearly sparked an even greater animosity. The Habsburgs began to gain a lot of power. It was not good if you lived in France, because the Habsburgs were right next to them and had excessive power and control. Additionally, it was bad if you lived in a place like Italy because the Habsburgs owned half of it. People feared the Habsburgs and their growing potential. So this is undoubtedly a political cause.	The Thirty Years’ War partly stemmed from religious conflicts within Germany. It originally began as a feud and then civil war between the Protestants, the Catholics and the Calvinists. First, Bohemia insisted on electing a Protestant leader, and employed Frederick V as the new king. After this the Defenestration of Prague occurred, in which the Protestants kicked out the Catholics and “threw them out the window”. The Bohemian period was officially re-catholicized. In the Danish Period, the English, French and Dutch were petrified that they were going to be re-catholicized as well. But even though they were prepared, Albrecht von Wallenstein, a Catholic and on the side of the Holy Roman Empire, wins again. He successfully converted Bohemia, and the French/English Dutch to Catholicism. But in the Swedish Period, the king is excessively worried about Wallenstein’s winning streak. So, Cardinal Richelieu, King Louis XIII’s regent, unexpectedly joins him; sure enough, the Protestant side is worsening, and this is a major cause of the Thirty Years’ War.		4. Kayla G.
	FRQ #2	List the religious policies of this monarch:
	Elizabeth I of England	ascended to the throne after her half-sister, Mary Tudor, died in 1558; reigned from 1558 until 1603 she strongly supported the Anglican Church and Protestantism in general, and opposed Catholicism hunted down Catholic missionaries and executed as traitors to a Protestant nation her predecessor to the throne, Mary Tudor, had been married to Phillip II who was an avid supported of Catholicism. Under the influence of Phillip, Mary was in the process of returning Catholicism back to England when she suddenly died; Elizabeth undid Mary’s work and promptly brought Protestantism back to England provided funds for the Dutch’s Protestant cause and she helped them fight the Spanish army under Phillip II trying to establish Catholicism as the official religion of the Netherlands squashed Catholic uprisings in England issued the Church of England’s Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion in 1563, which incorporated Calvinist doctrines into Church rituals she consolidated the country’s position as a Protestant power			5. Jonathan
	Catherine de Medici of France	At first, attempted to compromise with the calvinists in France, but then Catherine did not tolerate religions other than catholicism. On St. Bartholomew's Day -- August 24th, 1572 -- Catherine declared war against Huguenots--French Protestants in France. In three days, three thousand Huguenots were killed by Catholic mobs in Paris. Ten thousand more died over another six weeks.			6. [[#|Hod]]
	Isabella I of Spain	-ended religious tolerance in Spain; everyone has to be Catholic -Inquisition: controlled religious converts and persecuted those suspected of practicing other faiths with punishments such auto da fe and burning at the stake -expelled all Jews and from Spain (nearly 100,000) -wanted a united Catholic country -her and her husband Ferdinand were bestowed with the title "Catholic Monarchs" by the pope in an official papal bull			7. Cherie
	FRQ #3	List the impacts/consequences of the Thirty Years' War (think for Europe as well as specific countries like Germany.)
	Thirty Years' War	Political: The Holy Roman Empire collapsed and the Germanic states would not be unified until 1800s. The Peace of Westphalia was created as a result of the Thirty Year’s War. This took power away from Spain because Switzerland and the Netherlands were made independent states. Also, the Peace of Westphalia took power away from the Church because Church states were given over to the Protestants. This led to the modern system of sovereign states and “Balance of Power"	Economic: Agricultural production declined, and international trade fell into recession. Because of the decreasing population (as a result of famine and disease), there was a lower demand for agricultural products, and farmers suffered as the price of grain continued to fall. The textile industry, silver import, and the African slave trade declined. The Dutch Republic emerged unscathed due to agricultural innovation. The English were not harmed terribly as they hadn’t depended on the gold and silver import. Peasants and townspeople could not pay the heavy taxes that rulers needed to finance the wars. Uprisings occurred throughout Europe-- especially in France. Spain went bankrupt in 1627 due to excessive spending. Germany suffered terribly. Commerce in Augsburg was destroyed and inflation threatened the country. Wages went up for laborers due to the demand for workers caused by the population decline.	Cultural: Protestantism was recognized and established in European strongholds. Calvinism gained acceptance throughout Europe. Anabaptists were still persecuted, and the religion faded out.	8. Daniella C. 9.Michali
	FRQ #4 and #5	List as many factors as you can that account for the rise in witchcraft persecutions 1580 to 1750	List as many factors as you can that account for the decline in witchcraft persecutions 1580 to 1750
	Witch Hunts	10. - Witch-hunts were most common between 1560 and 1640. - Because of the economic crisis, war, plague, and conflict in religion, people needed something to blame. - Therefore, they concluded that witches are responsible for everything bad going on. - During this time, there were about 100,000 witch trials in Europe and North America and 80 percent of accused witches were women. Women were more likely to be accused if she were a midwife. - Also, poor people were often accused since people assumed that they would want to get revenge on the rich. - Accusers were usually better off than those accused.	11. in 1580 Montaigne spoke out against the execution of accused witches saying “it takes one’s conjectures rather seriously to roast someone alive for them” in the 1640’s French courts realized the injustice in the condemnation of accused witches without proof so arrested the witch hunters and released the accused witches in 1682, the French made a law that said they did not recognize anyone as a witch the end of the Salam Witch Trials in 1693 when the jurors who jailed and murdered accused witches admitted that they were wrong The Witchcraft Act of 1735 ended witchcraft in Britain		10. Ezra 11. Emily
	FRQ #6	List the evidence that the Holy Roman Empire had less power in this period	List the reasons that it had less power in this period
	Holy Roman Empire 1517-1648	12. church forced to sign the peace of Ausburgs weaked the churhc by validating luthernism in 1555 in Holy Roman Empire Martin Luther causes religious strife within the HRE lots of the land owned by Church not HRE individuals emperor goes into debt because of wars fought 30 year war, Protestant verses Catholics, internal termoil no development or expeditions into the new world or India area additional internal strife and deaths with the witch trails still unable to unite under one central government	13. Damages from The thirty years’ war For example: famine and disease killed a lot of the HRE’s population There was a 38% drop of people in the HRE from the thirty years’ war Religious disunity in Germany because of the reformation- half of Germany was Protestant and the other half was still Catholic Many outside countries seized German territories after the thirty years’ war The peace of Westphalia gave sovereignty to many German kingdoms This hindered the empire’s power The empire did not have the support of many protestant kingdoms that were created and therefore was not as strong		12. Maia 13.Adina
	FRQ #7	List and explain the political problems he faced	List and explain the social problems he faced	List and explain the religious problems he faced
	Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor	14. The German nobles want local control which they get through enforcing a different religion than the emperor, while the emperor, Charles V, wants central control and power Charles V main political goal was to maintain his control over his enormous and eminent empire; however, he faced many political problems From 1494 to 1559 the Habsburgs dynasty remained implacable enemies with the Valois which caused much dispute The Ottoman Empire, under Suleiman the Magnificent, wished to expand their territory and fought with Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire In order to overcome Charles V’s dominant forces, the king of France, Francis I forged an alliance with the Ottoman Turks and contested Charles V power as emperor Francis and Charles V fought over disputed territories in southern France which caused lots of political problems and prevented him from focusing on the religious problems in Germany Now, the Pope also allied with the French, causing more political problems and forcing Charles V to send troops to capture Rome in 1527 Also, Protestant princes, led by Duke Maurice of Saxony, raised arms against Charles V and declared war in 1552 where they chased a surprised and practically bankrupt emperor back to Italy—these Protestant princes gave Charles V many political problems All of these political conflicts to go along with the vast amount of religious conflicts led to the Thirty Years’ War where lots of other countries in Europe saw a chance to weaken the power of the Holy Roman Empire	15. o Ran out of money because of constant warring with the Ottomans, and France o Felt threatened by the German princes’ growing power, could not unify them o Wanted to reverse the Protestant Reformation but failed o Was King of Spain and then became Holy Roman Emperor, left Spain in bad shape and many peasant rebellions occurred (The Castilian cities revolted) o (very hard to find info on the social issues of Charles V, they are mostly religious and political)	16. Charles V faced one major Religious opposition, the Protestant Reformation. The Shmalkaldic league, a group of german princes, challenged Charles’s and the Catholic authority with their military. Stopping a religious war from beginning Charles pushed for the convocation of the Council of trent During Charles reign as emperor, St. Ignacio de Loyola established the Society of Jesus, which peacefully challenged the Protestant Reformation, through intellect. Because of Charles’s nonviolent push for a Counter-Reformation, Spain under his power was able to evade war	14. Brett 15.Avi 16. Moshe
	FRQ #8 - Reformation (tied to Wars of Religion)	List the Political consequences of the Protestant Reformation	List the Social consequences of the Protestant Reformation
		17. -Thirty Years’ War> Peace of Westphalia and Peace of Augsburg: ends Thirty Years' War, weakens the Church by giving its lands to the Protestants, weakens pope's power, splits Germany into the Spanish Habsburg line and the Austrian Habsburg line. Dutch Revolt- declares Switzerland and the Netherlands as independent state, thus weakening Spain, -French Wars of Religion- between the House of Bourbon (Protestant) and the House of Guise (Catholic) weakened French government, ended by the Edict of Nantes -English Civil Wars- weak government due to conflicts between the parliament and king - Mary I's persecution of Protestants (protestants don't like her) - Elizabeth I's persecution of Catholics (Catholics don't like her) - Great Peasant’s Revolt- in Germany ultimately failed - Radical reformation- more reforms weakens governments and churches further> Persecution and repression of Anabaptists (radical reform) - Catholic church launches a Counter-Reformation	18. Europe was now split in half religiously causing heavy fighting, riots, and wars to break out. Protestants and Catholics refused to trade or socialize with one another causing hardly any growth or cultural diffusion to occur among them. People no longer relied on local priests nut be their own religious leader. This could elevate their social status and took power away from the church itself. Capitalism became widespread throughout the Europe allowing the middle class to gain power and become stronger against the nobles. People placed more value on reading the Bible itself, not just derived laws and traditions from it. Therefore the Bible was translated from Latin into the vernacular so locals could read it as well as high priests and nobles. Family structure and status became more important; women were more suppressed into domestic roles instead of religious roles in the community.		17. Kayla P. 18. Rachel
	FRQ #9 - Reformation (tied to Wars of Religion - because it is [[#|working]] to spread Catholicism)	list the aims and methods, of the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) in the 16th century	List the factors that show if the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) of the 16th century was successful
		19.	20. - Doctrine and rules were much clearer and steady - New orders were established and a new sense of community erupted by helping the poor and sick. Spiritual commitment applied to all deeds which influenced lay people. - Communions were set to a higher standard which spread the faith. - People were more open to change and more churches were built. - The power of the popes were solidified because of the council of trent - The Reformation showed that the Catholic Church relized that they made mistakes and was willing to change - The ideas of the Catholic Church spread to many. - The council of trent was accepted everywhere. - They had Catholic lay rulers support after 1555 - The Catholic church was backed by Spain which solidified them as a power again.		19. Yitzchak 20. Ariel

Wars of Religion FRQs:

For you to review, to help with studying, etc.

Your group names	Essay	your outline
Talia, Danielle D., Jessica	Discuss the relationship between politics and religion by examining the wars of religion. Choose TWO specific examples from the following: Dutch Revolt French Wars of Religion English Civil War Thirty Years’ War	Thesis: during the wars of religion, there were both political and religious meaning to fighting in the wars. Some rulers despite what they believed fought for political gain while others fought in order to keep central religious unity within their state. While the wars of religion were focused on the unification of one faith, some rulers put aside their beliefs and fought for political power or personal gain. This is a well done thesis paragraph (which is fine for AP purposes). It repeats the question and then uses two sentences to answer the question. I see a thesis in both of those sentences. Ex: French war: politique, cardinal Richeliue, who was clearly catholic, puts aside his religion to strengthen the French monarchy and make France the strongest state in Europe Ex: thirty years war: starts as a religious conflict between Calvinists and Catholics but becomes a political battle between the nobles and the habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire. Noble were terrified of being re-catholicized and fought versus the Habsburgs to stop them from controlling vass territories throughout Europe. On the other hand, there were rulers who strictly fought on behalf of religion and disregarded the political aspect of his monarchy Ex: Dutch revolt: Philip II wanted control of the Netherlands in a religious standpoint as a catholic. Wanted everyone to be catholic under one central religion Ex: during the French war, Katherine de Medici, a catholic, ordered Huguenots to be killed known as st bartholomew's day of massacre. She ordered this day because she wanted everyone to unify under one religion because in that era that signaled central power
Jonathan, Hod, Cheri	Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Elizabeth I of England Catherine de Médicis of France Isabella I of Spain
Daniella C, Michali, Kayla G.	Analyze various ways in which the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) represented a turning point in European history.	As a result of the Thirty Years’ War, Europe’s political map, economic structure, and cultural status drastically shifted, making this battle a tremendous European turning point. Saying political, economic, cultural works but AP will look for you to say something about HOW this these changed. You say drastically shifted, that works. Better to say the MAP changes (as you have) AND to say something more like which countries were powerful shifted because of the economy, and religious tolerance grew. Badly worded on my part but you get the idea - use the points you listed to put content in rather than a general statement. Political: Decline of Holy Roman Empire- Years of power throughout Europe and several victories during the war. Fell due to the many countries who united to fight against the empire. -- Germany would remain fragmented for centuries. Rise of France (under Richelieu) The shift from a focus on religious unity in a state to the modern system of political unity-- politiques Economic: The Dutch came out on top due to strong economy and agricultural innovation. Spain’s bankruptcy--> loses power in Europe. Cultural: End of the religious wars--> religion was no longer the main source of battle Religious tolerance--> acceptance of Protestantism and Calvinism. New military tactics introduced by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
Ezra, Emily	Analyze at least TWO factors that account for the rise and TWO factors that explain the decline of witchcraft persecution and trials in Europe in the period from 1580 to 1750. Account for the growth and decline of European witch-hunts in the period 1500 to 1650.	Thesis: The reformation and its uncertain about witchcraft led to the rise of witch hunts while the scientific revolution gave scientific evidence to prove there were no such thing as witches led to the decline of the witch hunts. Question: DIDN'T THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION HAPPEN BEFORE THE REFORMATION? Mrs. An's answer: Look in wikipedia to check dates when things confuse you. Yes, the scientific revolution STARTS before the Reformation but the idea that evidence might be nice before you execute someone takes time to spread to the majority of the population and thus have an impact on the witch hunts. Paragraph 1/ Rise: Protestant Reformation- even religious fanatics believed in the persecution of witches, by fighting against a cause that many people believed in, religious groups gained power and followers Counter Reformation- because magic became synonymous to science and everyone agreed and believed in science, the proof of witches through science solidified the common people’s belief in witchcraft, resulting in many murderous witch trials scapegoats- the people who were accused of being witches were just used as scapegoats because during the wars of religion, there was much crisis and no one knew right from wrong, the witch trials reflected the crises and stress from the time period Paragraph 2/ Decline: Scientific Revolution- the scientific revolution encouraged creative thinking, this made people realize that the judges who condemned witches may not have been completely truthful, and that accused witches were being tried on superstitious evidence Scientific Method- the scientific method that everything must be proved with evidence helped in the decline of the persecution of accused witches because the scientists realized there was no evidence proving them guilty
Maia, Adina, Brett, Avi, Moshe	Analyze the reasons for the decline of the Holy Roman Empire as a force in European politics in the period 1517 to 1648. In 1519 Charles of Hapsburg became Charles V, Holy Roman emperor. Discuss and analyze the political, social, and religious problems he faced over the course of his imperial reign (1519-1556).	Thesis: The main reasons for the decline of the Holy Roman Empire as a force in European Politics in the period from 1517 to 1648 were Charles V’s reign as emperor, the Protestant Reformation, and the Wars of Religion : Good - I know exactly what the essay will be about and this presents a very clear argument. Big picture and straightforward, right? Now you have to use the evidence to show how each point made the HRE weaker, you cannot just list it as I asked you to do here, you have to explain it. (Body Paragraph 1) Charles V’s reign weakened the HRE as the force in European politics fighting with the Ottoman Empire, who was trying to expand their territory fighting with the French Francais I, who had an alliance with the Papacy, disputed with France over territories Holy Roman Empire was split into many countries, there was no centralized power, the princes were all split up. Wars of Religion/Protestant Reformation weakened the HRE (Body paragraph 2) Martin Luther’s Protestant Reformation weakened the empire because (this explains the evidence, good) the nobles divided even more by choosing different religions, german nobles gained more power by enforcing different religion than emperor ended by the Peace of Augsburg; because the nobles got more power by forcing charles to sign the treaty thing and this weakened the emperor, charles peace of westphalia- split germany into many different states and weakened emperor, no political unity. german princes (360+) had to agree on any decree of the emperor, no central power
Kayla P., Rachel P., Yitzchak, Ariel	Discuss the political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century. Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) in the 16th century.	Thesis: In the first half of the 16th century, the protestant reformation had many political and social consequences. A strong thesis will say something about WHAT the political and social consequences were! Paragraph: 1- Political Splits Germany into the Spanish Habsburg line and the Austrian Habsburg line. Switzerland and the Netherlands as independent state (7 northern provinces) thus weakening Spain, French Wars of Religion- between the House of Bourbon (Protestant) and the House of Guise (Catholic) weakened French government, Bourbon wins! Paragraph: 2- Social Disunity among many reformations causes persecution Peasants believe they should revolt and get shut down. (believed they were in a position to ask for more power) Rise of capitalism- because the church and leaders were weakened, middle class got more power

Religion and politics in the period of the Wars of Religion:
1. Discuss the relationship between politics and religion by examining the wars of religion. Choose TWO specific examples from the following:

• Dutch Revolt
• French Wars of Religion
• English Civil War
• Thirty Years’ War

2. Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following:

• Elizabeth I of England
• Catherine de Médicis of France
• Isabella I of Spain

3. Analyze various ways in which the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) represented a turning point in European history.


Witchcraft:
4. Analyze at least TWO factors that account for the rise and TWO factors that explain the decline of witchcraft persecution and trials in Europe in the period from 1580 to 1750.

5. Account for the growth and decline of European witch-hunts in the period 1500 to 1650.


The Holy Roman Empire in the period of the Wars of Religion:
6. Analyze the reasons for the decline of the Holy Roman Empire as a force in European politics in the period 1517 to 1648.

7. In 1519 Charles of Hapsburg became Charles V, Holy Roman emperor. Discuss and analyze the political, social, and religious problems he faced over the course of his imperial reign (1519-1556).

Extra FRQs - Reformation (tied to Wars of Religion)
8. Discuss the political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century.
9. Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) in the 16th century.

Terms:

• due 10-24 to 10-26
• goal is that each student will do at least one (1) term from 16.1, 16.2 AND one (1) question from 16.3
• There are 46 terms/questions and 20 students - so some will do two terms and one question, there are not enough questions to have one for each of you so if you don't answer something from 16.3, then make sure to do two terms!
• These terms cover the topic for the week, which is the Wars of Religion that resulted from the Reformation
• WRITE THE TERMS IN A WORD DOC AND THEN COPY AND PASTE THEM HERE SO THEY DON'T GET LOST AND SO YOU HAVE A COPY IF THEY DO GET LOST!!!

	Term:	Who or What, where, when, why it is important:	Your Name
	16.1
1.	Huguenot	-the term for a French Calvinist in the sixteenth century -the Huguenots and the Catholics duked it out (using armies too) for religious dominance in France -had a huge impact on the political disputes between nobles-- nearly one third of the nobility joined the Huguenots -one of these militant families were Bourbons, who were close relatives to the French king. they practically lead the Huguenots. -a different family, the Guise family, lead the Catholics against the Huguenots -the war between the Huguenots and Catholics almost tore France apart and one could certainly argue that it was a partial cause of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre as well as many other tragedies in France's history.	cherie
2.	Catherine de Medici	Catherine De Medici She was queen consort of France from 1547-1559. She was married to Henry II of France, whom she married at age 14. Throughout the marriage he favored his mistress, not Catherine. Later, she became regent for three of her sons when they ruled. After their deaths, Catherine ruled with her third son, and at first she tolerated the rebelling Huguenots. But later she reacted in anger to them and had strict and rules and punishments concerning the Huguenots and their practices. She tried to keep her family in power, no matter what and took drastic measures to do so- she is the sole reason her sons remained at the throne. She became blamed for persecutions and the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Some consider her to be the most powerful woman of the entire 16th century!	Talia Blumofe
3.	St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre	What: It was a mass killing instructed by King Charles IX of France against the movement of Huguenots. It started off with Charles IX killing many Huguenot Protestant leaders. King Charles IX was greatly influenced by his mother, Catherine de Medici, who had orchestrated these killings. On August 24, mobs of Catholics started killing Huguenots, and this continued until October (even though Charles IX told the Catholics to stop on August 25). Approximately 70,000 Protestants were killed. Where: France When: 1572 Why it is important: This stopped the progress of the Huguenot movement because so many leaders and followers were killed. This made Catholics look bad in the eyes of other Christian religions, and Protestants were now less likely to follow Catholicism then before.	Michali Mazor
4.	Constitutionalism	o A type of government in which the ruler has to share power with a parliament made up of elected representatives o A constitution, or a document listing all of the principles of the nation, serves as the foundation for the government’s legislature and governing method o The ruler does not have absolute power, he has to abide by the guidelines of the constitution o Western Europe (especially England) veered towards Constitutional governments while Eastern Europe became more Absolutist	Avi Alpert
5.	Henry IV	- In 1588, Henry IV became king of France. - Henry was able to put an end to a lot of war in France. - In order to gain popularity in France, he embraced the most followed sect in Christianity – Catholicism. - He drove away Spain and any opposing Catholics. He also made peace with Spain in 1593. - Not only did he support Catholicism, but also he passed the Edict of Nantes, which allowed Protestantism in France. Henry believed that accepting other religions was an efficient way of establishing peace. - He also created a new class of officials in order to balance out the noble class. This class mostly consisted of middle class men. In order to become an official, one must purchase an office, which can then be inherited by future descendants. - Therefore, the middle class gained more power and France was able to pay off its debts because of all of the purchased offices. - He also built a military base. - Henry was assassinated in 1610. - Significance: Henry ended the religious wars in France, created a new social class, which gave more rights to the middle class men, and he was able to decrease France’s debt.	Ezra Splaver
6.	Edict of Nantes	Issued by King Henry IV of France in 1598 Granted the Calvinist Protestants (Huguenots) a great amount of religious toleration. The Huguenots could worship freely in specified towns, work in any field or for the state, and form their own troops, fortresses, and courts. Henry’s goal was to separate civil unity from religious unity and open a path for tolerance. It was the first, long-lasting decree of religious toleration in modern Europe. This edict marked the end of the French Wars of Religion.	Daniella Cohen
7.	Politiques	during the wars of religion in France neutral Catholics and Protestants in the war believed peace could only be achieved by strong government they gave advice to Henry IV they told him to focus on the development of France and not the developments of Catholicism and Protestantism this term is important because if the politiques had not advised Henry IV, the French Wars of Religion may not have ended when it did	Emily Firestone
8.	Philip II	The son of Charles V and king of Spain His empire stretched out to cover territories from every content known to Europe then. During his reign, Spain was arguably the most powerful Western European power. considered himself to be the chief defender of Catholic Europe--defended it from the infidels such as the Ottoman Turks and the Protestant Reformers. Phillip fought against heresies at any cost and participated in many wars (this led to the Crown becoming bankrupt several times) In 1571,, Phillip achieved a great military victory by defatting he Turks in a sea battle off the Greek coast at Lepanto (Battle of Lepanto). 8,000 of the 50,000 soldiers on the Spanish side died Moriscos (Muslims who converted to Christianity) were expelled (more than 300,000 of them were forced to relocate to North Africa). After numerous brawls with Elizabeth I of England (who rejected his marriage proposal and stayed protestant), Phillip sent his Spanish Armada of 130 ships to attack the English in 1588. However, the Spanish were scattered at this battle and lost more than half of its ships on their retreat back to Spain Phillip died 10 years later in 1598.	Hod Marks
9.	Battle of Lepanto	in 1571 an attempt of Phillip II, King of Spain to make all of Europe Christian, including the Ottoman Turks was a great military victory against the Turks and for Christendom, and the greatest victory of Philip II Spain gains control of the western part of the Mediterranean this is important because with the defeat of the Turks it also made it impossible for them to help Moriscos ( Muslims who claimed they converted to Christianity, but did not follow Christianity) this led to the exile of 100s of thousands of Moriscos under different Spanish rulers	Maia Groman
10.	Moriscos	Muslim converts to Christianity who stayed secretly faithful to Islam because they did not want to leave Spain and Portugal Between 1568 and 1570, they revolted in the southern Spain and killed 90 priests and 1500 Christians Phillip II forced 50,000 of these people to leave their villages and settle in other areas In 1609, Phillip III ordered for the Moriscos to be exiled By 1614, 300,000 Moriscos were forced to resettle in North Africa	dani ditchek
11.	Spanish Fury	took place in November 1576 Philip II’s unpaid, Spanish mercenaries sacked Antwerp the event included eleven days of killing seven thousand deaths was the outcome of the Spanish Fury as a result of this, Calvinists and Catholics agreed to the Pacification of Ghent which expelled all Spanish troops from the Netherlands also Antwerp became the capital city of the Dutch Revolt	Emily Firestone
12.	Dutch Republic	after the division of the Spanish Netherlands, the Dutch Republican grew and strengthened members of Orange family acted as nobles, but the real power went to the more local government-regents(families with good jobs, professionals) and merchants had power there was no central power so every little province was self governed but leaders from each attended the States General (their only form of central power) their economy was based off of shipping and exports, especially since they had the most efficient and cheapest way of making products in 1670 they had more ships than all of the ships of Spain, Portugal, England, Austria, and France put together although mostly ruled by protestants the majority of people there were catholic, but since followers of neither beliefs were prosecuted there was peace they traded with people, sometimes even their enemies and tolerated all religions, even Jews this great diversity and tolerance for others led to a high level of intellectual people in the country, which leads to many scientific discoveries in the future	Maia Groman
13.	Puritans/Puritanism	The Puritans were a community of Protestants during the 16th and 17th centuries. After the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, Puritanism became an active movement within the Church of England. The Puritans disliked England’s strict laws controlling religion, and set out to practice religion according to their own beliefs. They spread to New England, Ireland, and Wales. They had unique views on other things also, such as clerical dress and the Episcopal system. The 17th century had a sudden growth in the commercial world. This commercial growth as well as Scottish Presbyterians sharing ideas with the Puritans helped them gain power. They soon became a major political source of power in England after the First English Civil War. Puritans were against the English Reformation and felt it was insufficient; some even wanted complete separation from other Christians.	Kayla G.
14.	Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion	1563 when Elizabeth became queen of England, many protestant came to live in England they tried to convince their Calvinistic queen to make the Church of England stricter but when the queen publishes The Church of England’s Thirty-Nine Article of Religion, which is the political authorities doctrine of religion, it includes many catholic rituals that the puritan opposed the displeasing to protestant articles or religion caused the Protestants to stir much unrest in England	Maia Groman
15.	Spanish Armada	May 1588-September 1588 One of the religious wars between Spain and England. Spain was heavily Catholic and England was run by its own Anglican Church Armada means fleet The Spanish Armada was when Philip II sent 130 ships from Lisbon Spain against England The Spanish then fled and went around Scotland and returned to Spain shortly after with half the number of ships they left with. This expedition was the largest engagement of the Anglo-Spanish War This was considered a victory by Protestants around Europe	Jessica Griff
16.	Miguel Cervantes	1547- 1616 He lived in Castile He was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright He had a great influence on the Spanish language He wrote a piece called “Don Quixote” which is considered the first modern piece in Spanish literature	Adina Hoffman
17.	Tsar Ivan IV	Lived from 1530-1584. Born in Moscow, Russia. In English he is known as "Ivan the Terrible" He is responsable for the conquests of Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia turning Russia into a multiethnic state spanning almost a billion acres. He transformed Russia from a feudal medieval state into a lasting empire and was the first tsar (king/emperor). He was a complex man; at times he acted clever and wise and at other times he beat and even killed his first son resulting in the younger weaker son Feodor I to become his heir.	Rachel Petrover
18.	Boyars	a boyar is the member of the highest feudal rank under princes they ruled in Bulgaria, Muscovy, Kieven Rus, Wallachia, and in Moldavia as a boyar one must have 3 things - one must be a land owner - one must have serfs - one must must play a military or administrative role a prince is usually a boyar before his election	Moshe Markowitz
19.	Time of Troubles	A terrible period of chaos after Tsar Ivan IV died During this time period, the king of Poland-Lithuania tried to put his son on the Russian throne Russia also suffered a horrible famine during this time period that killed one third of its population They also suffered from civil uprisings This period lasted from about 1584-1613 in Muscovite Russia In 1613 an army of nobles, townspeople, and peasants finally drove out the intruders and put a nobleman, Michael Romanov on the throne This period of time was significant because it suspended the process of state building, initiated by Ivan IV, in Russia	Brett Wolff
20.	Michael Romanov	-throned by the people of Poland-Luthainia in 1613 -ended the chaotic "Time of Troubles" caused by Ivan IV's death -during which the king of Poland-Luthainia tried to put his son on the Russian throne -finally the people of said area revolted and throned Michael -the return of peace allowed Russia to grow as a state once more, which would make them a stable power in the future	cherie
	16.2
21.	Electors (Protestant Union and Catholic Union - google them)
22.	Peace of Augsburg - already defined but what is happening with it now?	1555 in Augsburg it was a treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League Schmalkaldic League was an alliance of nobles in the HRE that fought battles against Charles V for the right to choose what religion they could have in their territory Charles V was winning but he couldn’t afford to keep fighting so he signed the peace of Augsburg which permitted each noble to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism for their land in order to get them off his back it signified the start of religious tolerance Charles V thought he pulled a fast one by the princes by excluding Calvinism and other religions from this agreement but it backfired on him because then there would be more fighting in the Thirty Years’ War in order to get Calvinism approved	Jonathan Attias
23.	Ferdinand
24.	Defenestration of Prague
25.	Battle of White Mountain	-Was one of the first battles of the Thirty Years’ War-Took place at Bílá Hora, near Prague on November 8, 1620 -Cause of the battle: In the 17th century in Bohemia, people were free to be Protestants or Catholics but then Ferdinand II, who was completely against Protestants, took over the thrown after Emperor Matthias died. The people became angry as Ferdinand began trying to enforce the country to return to Catholicism; thus, they revolted and elected their Frederick V to be their king. Then Ferdinand II who is now the Holy Roman Emperor set out to conquer Bohemia. -A combination of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II’s army and the German Catholic League’s army created a force of 27,000 men who annihilated the 30,000 Bohemians and mercenaries fighting for Frederick V -Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy, led Ferdinand’s army -Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, led the German Catholic League’s army -Christian of Anhalt led Frederick V’s army -The battle: the Bohemians kept retreating and Ferdinand and the German League’s armies headed to conquer Prague, the capital of Bohemia. Finally, the Bohemians got ahead of the enemy armies and positioned themselves defensively on White Mountain (which ironically is a plateau). Ferdinand/German armies advanced and the Bohemians barely put up a fight and quickly lost the battle. -Effects: The Bohemian Revolt ended, the leaders of the revolt and others who were pronounced guilty were hanged, the Bohemians returned to Catholicism, and most importantly, the end of this battle marked the end of the Bohemian Period of the Thirty Years’ War	Kayla Petrover
26.	Albrecht von Wallenstein	A Bohemian military commander and politician of the Habsburg Monarchy during the Thirty Years’ Wars He offered in 1625 to raise an army for the Catholic emperor Soon, he had 125,000 soldiers who occupied much of Protestant Germany with the emperor’s approval Von Wallenstein showed how political ambition could trump religious conviction	Brett Wolff
27.	Christian IV	1577- 1648 He was born in Denmark He was the king of Denmark and Norway He restricted the Rigsrd’s (state council’s) power He led his country into the Thirty Years’ War; this brought great disaster He promoted trading and shipping He initiated many reforms and projects in his country	Adina Hoffman
28.	Edict of Restitution	- During the Thirty years’ war, following the defeat of the Czechs, commander Albrecht von Wallenstein wanted to further put an end to Protestantism.- He therefore created a Catholic army, which had about 125 thousand soldiers. - His army then conquered a large amount of Protestant Germany. - Lutheran King Christian IV tried to protect the Protestants by attacking northern Germany. - However, Wallenstein had a more powerful army, so he defeated Christian’s forces. - In 1629, Because of Wallenstein’s success in battle, King Ferdinand felt confident in passing the Edict of Restitution. - The Edict of Restitution banned Calvinism in the Holy Roman Empire and gave the Catholic church the right to take back any land that the Lutheran’s took from them. - Significance: Although the Edict of Restitution prohibited Calvinism and took land from Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire, it did not put an end to the 30 years war. The Protestants were not willing to give up and people such as Gustavus Adolphus waged war against the Catholics.	Ezra Splaver
29.	Gustavus Adolphus	- He was the king of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 - He was the founder of the swedish empire and led them through its golden age - He led his military to huge victories during the 30 year war dominating power in Europe - He is regarded as one of the greatest military leaders of all time - Passed reforms on taxes - Made the nobility give up some of its power to the people - Was killed in the battle of Lutzen. - Was considered as one of the greatest kings/leaders of sweden.	Ariel Bugay
30.	Cardinal Richelieu	- French statesman, clergyman and cardinal - he became the chief minister to King Louis XIII in 1624 - He took power away from the nobility leading to a strong centralized France - played a big part in the 30 years war by making alliances with protestant rulers - He loved the arts and created the learned society - He oversaw the treaty of Saint Germain en laye giving Quebec city back to the french - he died in 1642	Ariel Bugay
31.	Peace of Westphalia	o A treaty between the Catholics and the Protestants ending the Thirty Years War o An international congress came together and compiled this treaty which was agreed to by all sides who were tired of constant war o Each German Prince could chose his own religion for his own territory (Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism) o Lutheranism would become more common in the north, Catholicism in the south o End of Wars of Religion, all future wars would be political	Avi Alpert
32.	Raison d’etat	King Louis XIII of France’s chief minister, Richelieu was a Cardinal of the Church Richelieu believed strongly in “raison d’etat,” literally “reason of the state,” which meant that the state’s interests took precedence over everything else he used this slogan as he crushed Protestants that had gotten too independent, nobles, or popular resistances to King Louis’s policies	Jonathan Attias
33.	Divine right	Was first introduced in England under the reign of James I of England between 1603-1625 The religious belief that a king's right to rule came from God. Therefore, a king could only be ruled/only had to answer to God. A king does not have to answer to his people, aristocracy, or even the Church. This doctrine (teaching) implies that any attempt to go against the king is actually going against God's will and therefore is a sinful act. This justified the king's absolute power in both political and spiritual matters	Hod Marks
	16.3 - questions work better than terms here - take simple notes
34.	What happened to population in the second half of the 16th century? list details.	The population increased and prices for goods rose as well. Although religious and political turbulence declined the population in some cities such as Antwerp, the overall population grew. England's population grew by 70% Spains population doubled in size,	Rachel Petrover
35.	What happened to prices and wages Europe in the second half of the 16th century? list details.		Kayla Petrover
36.	List/describe the causes/warning signs of the recession of the late 1500s		Kayla G.
37.	Why was the Dutch Republic the exception to the recession, why did England fare second best?	The Dutch and English were exceptions to the recession because they were the only two non-absolutist constitutional countries therefore the people within the country had more money as opposed to the ruler being the single rich one. The Dutch were Europe's financial capital at the time and exteremely prosperous in trade, thus raising the economy. They had the most educated middle class, causing more successful workers and businesses, further raising the economy.	Moshe Markowitz
38.	List the factors historians believed caused the early 17th century recession.	From the Baltic to the East Indies, foreign trade collapsed from war and uncertain money supply, making business riskier Silver imports to Spain declined because many Native Americans who worked in the Spanish mines died from disease Europe’s population decreased from 85 million in 1550 to 80 million in 1650, therefore, agricultural prices dropped causing the farmers to suffer Some historians believe it was caused by the Thirty Year’s War The states’ demand for higher taxes was another cause Natural disasters like cold winters and wet summers were also causes because they meant bad harvests, causing the prices to shoot up and most people could not even feed themselves	dani ditchek
39.	What were the short-term effects of this recession? List details.	There was a bigger threat of food shortages. There were breakouts of disease and famine. There were people that left their families and homes behind.	Michali Mazor
40.	poor law 1597	when grain harvests were small at the end of the 16th century people suffered greatly because grain now made up a large part of the average European adult’s diet from 1594-1597 most of Europe suffered famine and malnutrition the people started to revolt and in order to appease (vocab word) the people the English government drew up the Poor Laws that required each community to take care of its poor these laws set off a chain reaction that saw many other governments around Europe increase their relief efforts for the poor in general people are starting to pity the poor and to help them out as opposed to mistreating them and seeing them as vagabonds and bums	Jonathan Attias
41.	What were the long-term effects of this recession on the changing status of the peasantry? LIst details.	o The bad economy caused wheat prices to drop and farmers to convert their land into vineyards or pasture for cattle o Many peasants deserted their land and left it for waste o Food shortages created a division between peasants of extreme poverty and more well off peasants o England required their cities to support the poor, introduced the idea of government subsidized relief efforts for the poor o Cities and Churches required peasants to pay more taxes o Some peasants became more prosperous farmers while others resorted to begging and poverty o Less women had jobs, became maids and domestic servants	Avi Alpert
42.	Tithe	Tithe Literally 1/10th percentage of something paid to the government, a religious organization or as a tax. It often refers to a portion of land or to money. It occurred in places such as England, France and Spain. The church started to have access to tithes in the 1500's. It used to be that when the church and the government were linked, the church had access to the tithes that were given as taxes. The church, corrupt at the time, continuously obtained the peoples tax-tithes.	Talia Blumofe
43.	What were the long-term effects of this recession on marriage and childbearing? LIst details.	People postponed marriage and had less children. Childbirth carried great risks for women. About 10% of women died in the process. Physicians were scarce, and they were usually not helpful. Families in all ranks of society began to limit the number of children they had. They would marry later in order to have less children. Peasant families in eastern and southeastern Europe would have more children because farming required intense work, and they needed children for the task as this was the most inexpensive way to gain workers. Consequences of the concept of late marriage: many died before they reached their late twenties, and some never married.	Daniella Cohen
44.	What winners and losers did the recession create among the states/countries of Europe? Focus on the regional differences in economic power - list details.	Winners: The Northwest region of Europe became stronger economically. Why? Countries like England, the Dutch Republic, and France all vied for the power of being the leading of trading to the New World. Trading with the New World has become more popular so countries nearest to the Atlantic have to trading advantage. Amsterdam became the center of European trade and commerce Losers: Mediterranean-region countries Why? This region was hit more with the effects of the Thirty Years War and therefore harder to recover from the effects of the war. Now that the trade routes were shifting towards the Atlantic there was no longer such a big need for the Mediterranean Sea as a route and that is a key route for the Mediterranean and central European countries. With less demand on the Mediterranean and therefore less incoming money, Mediterranean- region especially northern Italy suffered greatly from the recession	Jessica Griff
45.	Code of Laws 1649 and the general changes in serfdom - eastern and western Europe.	- In Western Europe, serfdom had almost vanished, while in Eastern Europe there was an increase in serfdom.- Many nobles in Eastern Europe increased the labor of serfs in order to gain more produce. - Polish and eastern German nobles increased the rent that the serfs have to pay. - Serfs in Eastern Europe were completely attached to their land. Therefore, they were not allowed to leave their village. - Because many people were serfs in Eastern Europe, there was a large amount of uneducated people and the economies in Eastern Europe did not grow as much as the economies in Western Europe. - In Muscovy, the Code of Laws 1649 was passed. The Code of Laws contains the laws regarding every social class. - The Code of Laws granted nobles a tremendous amount of power over serfs. - Muscovite nobles were allowed to transfer serfs to other nobles, but they were not allowed to kill a serf.	Ezra Splaver
46.	MA Bay Company